Asian Development Bank
Established in 1966, the Asian Development Bank
assists developing member countries in economic development and promotes growth
and cooperation. Membership includes both developed countries and developing
countries in
Nepalese tax-free land tenure granted by the
government primarily as a pension or as a reward to political supporters and
family members, important especially during the Rana period; abolished 1959.
Founded in 1951, originally under a slightly
different name, to coordinate and aid development among newly independent
countries. Members include nations throughout the Asia-Pacific region (Nepal
joined in 1952; Bhutan in 1962). Donor countries include
Bhutanese combined administrative and religious
complex; a fortified monastery and often the seat of government for the local
jurisdiction.
Fiscal year
(FY)
In
A principality west of
A value measure of
the flow of domestic goods and services produced by an economy over a period of
time, such as a year. Only output values of goods for
final consumption and investment are included because the values of primary and
intermediate production are assumed to be included in final prices. GDP is
sometimes aggregated and shown at market prices, meaning that indirect taxes
and subsidies are included; when these have been eliminated, the result is GDP
at factor cost. The word gross indicates that deductions for
depreciation of physical assets have not been made. See also gross
national product.
gross national product (GNP)
Gross domestic product (q.v.)
plus the net income or loss stemming from transactions with foreign countries. GNP is the broadest measure of the
output of goods and services of an economy. It can be calculated at market
prices, which include indirect taxes and subsidies. Because indirect taxes and
subsidies are only transfer payments, GNP is often calculated at factor cost by
removing indirect taxes and subsidies.
the British derivative of Gorkha evolved from the
name Gorkha, which originally was applied to the soldiers of that
region. The Gurkha soldiers of
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Established along with the World Bank (q.v.)
in 1945, the IMF is a specialized agency affiliated with the United Nations and
is responsible for stabilizing international exchange loans to its members
(including industrialized and developing countries) when they experience
balance of payments difficulties. These loans frequently carry conditions that
require substantial international economic adjustments by the recipients, most
of which are developing countries.
A type of land tenure in
A term applied to the peoples and languages in
the western parts of
A Tibeto-Burman ethnic group
inhabiting eastern
More commonly known in Western
literature as nirvana. The goal of the path, the extinction of desire, hate,
and the illusion of selfhood. A state of mystical
union with the absolute one world soul (brahma), not an individual
soul that attains it (as in Hinduism). For the Hindu,
a state of liberation or illumination. For the Buddhist, there are no
immortal particular souls, only the world soul, in which all beings, both
animate and inanimate, are participants. The goal of
spiritual practice in all branches of Buddhism. Enlightenment is the
realization of the identity of the self with the absolute. The release from the
cycle of rebirths and the annihilation of the individual being that occurs on
achievement of perfect spiritual understanding.
official development
assistance (ODA)
Those flows to developing countries and
multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and
local governments, or by their executive agencies, each transaction of which
meets the following criteria: it is administered with the promotion of the
economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective;
and it is concessional in character and contains a grant element of at least 25
percent.
In ancient times, a Nepalese public assembly, ideally comprised of the five (pancha)
most important caste or occupational groups in the village. A pancha
is a member of a panchayat. From 1962 until the 1990 constitution took
effect, assemblies modeled on this ancient system formed the backbone of
political structure in
Term, used as an honorific personal
name, signified strength in battle in late medieval north
(Rs) or Nepalese rupee (NRs), the unit of
currency, universal since the late 1960s. The Nepalese rupee is linked to the
Indian rupee and is fully convertible although restrictions were imposed during
the 1989-90 trade and transit dispute. The equivalency rate used in Chapter 1
is Rs2.1=US$1 in 1919. By 1973 the official exchange rate was Rs6.55=US$1; in
1991, Rs30.80=US$1. One Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa.
Interest group within a pancha
(q.v.).
The term is derogatory when used by someone who does not belong to a pancha.
A loan bearing either no rate of interest, or
an interest rate below the true cost of the capital lent. The International
Development Association, an affiliate of the International Bank for
Reconstruction (see World Bank, q.v.), grants soft loans to developing
countries for long-term capital projects.
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Comprises the seven nations of
United States Export-Import Bank (Eximbank)
An independent corporate agency of
the
World Bank
Informal name used to designate a group of four
affiliated international institutions: the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development
Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The IBRD, established in 1945,
has as its primary purpose the provision of loans to developing countries for
productive projects. The IDA, a legally separate loan fund but administered by
the staff of the IBRD, was set up in 1960 to furnish credits to the poorest
developing countries on much easier terms than those of conventional IBRD
loans. The IFC, founded in 1956, supplements the activities of the IBRD through
loans and assistance designed specifically to encourage the growth of
productive private enterprises in the less-developed countries. The MIGA,
founded in 1988, insures private foreign investment in developing countries
against various noncommercial risks. The president and certain senior officers
of the IBRD hold the same positions in the IFC. The four institutions are owned
by the governments of the countries that subscribe their capital. To
participate in the World Bank group, member states must first belong to the
Intentional Monetary Fund (IMF--q.v.).